When speaking about graphene, we must initially point out the all-natural mineral graphite that is widely existing in our every day life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are arranged layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are carefully linked, however the mix of carbon atoms in between various layers hangs, like a pile of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will certainly slide apart.
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From the perspective of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the same layer kind covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to 3 other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms create a normal hexagonal ring on the exact same plane, stretching to develop a sheet structure.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, after that graphene is one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material made up of a single layer of carbon atoms. Piling graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite has concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is difficult to peel a solitary layer framework.
More than two decades earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, thought that there must be a means to acquire a single layer of graphite.
Just how can a solitary layer of graphite be peeled? Researchers took an extremely “basic and unrefined” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Much like when we compose a typo theoretically, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, scientists boldly associate that if tape can stay with the surface of paper, can it additionally stick to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and tore off the tape, the graphite sheet was split right into 2. Although the thickness of graphite at this time is still far from that of a single layer of graphite, scientists have actually confirmed the usefulness of this technique – each time the tape is utilized, the graphite ends up being thinner. By demanding using this “mechanical exfoliation method” to repeat the operation, they lastly obtained a thin sheet including just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this approach of repeatedly scrubing graphite sheets with tape to obtain graphene has low production efficiency and can just be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the improvement of scientific and technical levels, the prep work method of graphene has additionally made terrific progression. At present, along with this typical physical and mechanical peeling approach, there are likewise many approaches for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent exfoliation method, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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