1. Material Composition and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Device
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments consisting of a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, forming a metallurgically adhered core-shell style.
The steel core, usually low-carbon or stainless-steel, supplies mechanical effectiveness with tensile strengths exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper layer– generally 2– 10% of the complete diameter– conveys exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity.
The interface in between steel and copper is critical for efficiency; it is crafted via electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to make sure strong adhesion and minimal interdiffusion under operational stresses.
Electroplating is one of the most usual approach, offering precise density control and consistent protection on constant steel filaments attracted through copper sulfate bathrooms.
Appropriate surface pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, ensures ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, preventing delamination throughout succeeding handling or service.
In time and at elevated temperature levels, interdiffusion can create weak iron-copper intermetallic stages at the interface, which might compromise versatility and long-term reliability– a difficulty reduced by diffusion obstacles or fast handling.
1.2 Physical and Practical Properties
CCSFs integrate the very best qualities of both constituent steels: the high elastic modulus and exhaustion resistance of steel with the superior conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electrical conductivity usually ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), depending on covering thickness and purity, making CCSF considerably more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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